Enzyme Addition

External enzymes are added to the mash to supplement the malt’s own enzymes and improve the conversion of starch to fermentable sugars. This industrial practice increases yields, provides better control over the sugar profile, and enables the use of adjuncts or unmalted grains without compromising the yeast’s nutrition.

Types of enzymes typically used in mashing for whisky include:

• Carbohydrases such as α-amylase, β-amylase and glucoamylase, which break down starches into smaller sugars.
• Hemicellulases such as xylanase and arabinofuranosidase, which break down fibers and help lower the mash viscosity.
• Limit dextrinase, which helps break down dextrins and increases the utilization of starch.
• Proteolytic enzymes break down proteins and can contribute to clarity as well as influence the flavor profile.

Applications and process:

• Addition timing: Enzymes can be added at the start of mashing or during the first phase to maximize contact between the starch and water.
• Contact and conditions: The enzymes operate under specific temperature and pH conditions, which are set in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions and the composition of the raw materials.
• Raw materials and flexibility: Allows a higher proportion of unmalted grains and adjuncts such as corn, rye or wheat without compromising the desired fermentable sugar profile.

Advantages, risks and regulation:

• Advantages: increased yield, shorter mashing times, greater flexibility when using adjuncts and the ability to more precisely control fermentability and flavor profile.
• Risks: risk of over-attenuation or changes in flavor profile, increased procurement and operating costs, as well as requirements for quality control and compliance with food regulations.

Notes on whisky production:

• In modern whisky distilleries, external enzymes are increasingly used in selected processes, particularly when using unmalted grains or specific blends, while traditional practices based solely on the malt’s own enzymes still exist in many reputable productions.